Significant quantities of highly enriched uranium (HEU)—more than enough to make a Hiroshima bomb—are used annually as neutron target material in Canadian, European, and South African reactors to produce the short-lived fission products used in nuclear medicine. The most important of these fission products is ⁹⁹Mo, which decays into ^99mTc, which is the most widely used medical radioisotope.

The U.S. supplies weapon-grade uranium to the Canadian radioisotope producer and might in the future provide it to the European producers as well. As a condition for receiving U.S. HEU, the 1992 Schumer Amendment to the U.S. Atomic Energy Act requires that a foreign producer cooperate with the United States in converting to low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets. Some smaller producers have already done so. The Canadian producer has asserted, however, that the cost of conversion would be too high. The 2005 Burr amendment therefore exempted radioisotope producers in Canada and Europe from the Schumer amendment's requirements but requested a National Academy of Sciences study of the feasibility of conversion, setting as a feasibility test that the production cost be increased by no more than 10 percent.

We show that paying for the conversion for the largest European production facility would increase the cost of ⁹⁹Mo production there by only a few percent. For the Canadian facility the production cost could be more than 10 percent but the increase in the cost of the final ^99mTc-containing radiopharmaceutical would be only about 1 percent. It is also pointed out that savings in security could well dwarf the costs of converting to LEU if HEU were no longer present at the production and radioactive waste sites.