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Heavy Metals Content of Municipal Wastewater and Sludges in Kuwait 

Authors: G. Al Enezi a;  M. F. Hamoda b; N. Fawzi a
Affiliations:   a Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
b Civil Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
DOI: 10.1081/ESE-120027531
Publication Frequency: 14 issues per year
Published in: journal Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Volume 39, Issue 2 January 2005 , pages 397 - 407
Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English)
Previously published as: Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering (0360-1226) until 1990
Previously published as: Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology (1077-1204) until 1998
Also incorporating: Environmental Letters
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Abstract

Municipal wastewater may contain heavy metals, which are hazardous to the environment and humans. With stringent regulations concerning water reuse and sludge utilization in agriculture, there is a great need to determine levels of heavy metals in liquid wastes, sludges and agricultural crops. The state of Kuwait has programs to utilize waste sludge produced at wastewater treatment plants as soil conditioner and fertilizer for greenery and agricultural development projects and to reuse treated wastewater effluents in irrigation. The common metals found in Kuwait's raw wastewater and sludge are Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The effects of accumulation of heavy metals in soil are long lasting and even permanent. In this study, the variations in the concentration levels of heavy metals were measured in wastewater and sludge produced at Ardiya municipal wastewater treatment plant in Kuwait. A relationship was observed between the concentrations of heavy metals in treated wastewater and sludge used for agriculture and the level of accumulated heavy metals found in residual tissues of some crops.
Keywords: Heavy metals; Municipal sludge; Plant tissue; Tertiary effluent; Vegetables; Wastewater treatment
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