This article deals with water productivity (WP) assessment at a range of spatial scales for the Karkheh Basin, Iran. Sub-catchment to basin-scale estimates are based on an innovative method that uses readily available satellite images and routine secondary data. The farm-scale results are derived from the field survey of 298 farmers. The results show large variations in the WP, which indicate considerable scope for improvement. Inclusion of livestock changes both the magnitude and patterns of overall WP at the sub-catchment scale. This stresses the need for holistic accounting of all agricultural enterprises in water (re)allocation policies.