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Clinical Equipoise and the Incoherence of Research Ethics  

Authors: Franklin G. Miller a; Howard Brody b
Affiliations:   a National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
b University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
DOI: 10.1080/03605310701255750
Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year
Published in: journal Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Volume 32, Issue 2 March 2007 , pages 151 - 165
Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English)
You have: FREE ACCESS FREE ACCESS

The circumstances under which this title is published have changed:

Reason for change: Changed Publisher
Now published by: Oxford University Press
Date of change: 2008

References

  • 1. Ackerman, T. F. (2002) Therapeutic beneficence and placebo controls. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 21-22. [informaworld]
  • 2. Brody, H. (1981) Ethical Decision in Medicine 2nd, Little Brown & Co , Boston
  • 3. Brody, B. A.,  McCullough, L. P. and Sharp, R. R. (2005) Consensus and controversy in clinical research ethics. Journal of the American Medical Association 294 , pp. 1411-1414. [ crossref ] [ pubmed ]
  • 4. Brody, H. and Miller, F. G. (2003) The clinician-investigator: Unavoidable but manageable tension. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 13 , pp. 329-346. [ crossref ] [ csa ] [ pubmed ]
  • 5. Churchill, L. R. (1980) Physician-investigator/patient-subject: Exploring the logic and the tension. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 5 , pp. 215-224.
  • 6. Emanuel, E. J. and Miller, F.G. (2001) The ethics of placebo-controlled trials—A middle ground. New England Journal of Medicine 345 , pp. 915-919. [ crossref ] [ csa ]
  • 7. Emanuel, E. J.,  Wendler, D. and Grady, C. (2000) What makes clinical research ethical?. Journal of the American Medical Association 283 , pp. 2701-2711. [ crossref ] [ pubmed ]
  • 8. Freedman, B. (1987) Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. New England Journal of Medicine 317 , pp. 141-145.
  • 9. Freedman, B.,  Glass, K. C. and Weijer, C. (1996a) Placebo orthodoxy in clinical research I: Empirical and methodological myths. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24 , pp. 243-251.
  • 10. Freedman, B.,  Glass, K. C. and Weijer, C. (1996b) Placebo orthodoxy in clinical research II: Ethical, legal, and regulatory myths. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24 , pp. 252-259.
  • 11. Fried, C. (1974) Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy American Elsevier , New York
  • 12. Glass, K. C. and Waring, D. (2002) Effective trial design need not conflict with good patient care. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 25-26. [informaworld]
  • 13. Hellman, S. and Hellman, D. S. (1991) Of mice but not men: Problems of the randomized controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine 324 , pp. 1585-1589.
  • 14. Jansen, L.A. (2005) A closer look at the bad deal trial: Beyond clinical equipoise. Hastings Center Report 35:5 , pp. 29-36. [ crossref ] [ csa ]
  • 15. Jecker, N. S. (2002) Exploiting subjects in placebo-controlled trials. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 19-20. [informaworld]
  • 16. Lemmens, T. and Miller, P. B. (2002) Avoiding a Jekyll-and-Hyde approach to the ethics of clinical research and practice. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 14-17. [informaworld]
  • 17. Levine, R. J. (1979) Clarifying the concepts of research ethics. Hastings Center Report 9:3 , pp. 21-26. [ crossref ]
  • 18. Litton, P. and Miller, F. G. (2005) A normative justification for distinguishing the ethics of clinical research from the ethics of medical care. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33 , pp. 566-574. [ crossref ]
  • 19. Miller, F. G. (2000) Placebo-controlled trials in psychiatric research: An ethical perspective. Biological Psychiatry 47 , pp. 707-716. [ crossref ] [ pubmed ]
  • 20. Miller, F. G. and Brody, H. (2002) What makes placebo-controlled trials unethical?. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 3-9. [informaworld]
  • 21. Miller, F. G. and Brody, H. (2003) A critique of clinical equipoise: Therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials. Hastings Center Report 33:3 , pp. 19-28. [ crossref ] [ csa ]
  • 22. Miller, F. G. and Grady, C. (2001) The ethical challenge of infection-inducing challenge experiments. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33 , pp. 1028-1033. [ crossref ] [ csa ]
  • 23. Miller, F. G. and Rosenstein, D. L. (1997) Psychiatric symptom-provoking studies: An ethical appraisal. Biological Psychiatry 42 , pp. 403-409. [ crossref ] [ pubmed ]
  • 24. Miller, F. G. and Rosenstein, D. L. (2003) The therapeutic orientation to clinical trials. New England Journal of Medicine 348 , pp. 1383-1386. [ crossref ]
  • 25. Miller, F. G.,  Rosenstein, D. L. and DeRenzo, E. G. (1998) Professional integrity in clinical research. Journal of the American Medical Association 280 , pp. 1449-1454. [ pubmed ] [ crossref ]
  • 26. Morreim, E. H. (2005) The clinical investigator as fiduciary: Discarding a misguided idea. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33 , pp. 586-598. [ crossref ]
  • 27. Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State, and Utopia Basic Books , New York
  • 28. Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA
  • 29. Resnik, D. B. (2002) Exploitation and the ethics of clinical trials. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 28-30. [informaworld]
  • 30. Rothman, K. J. and Michels, B. (1994) The continuing unethical use of placebo controls. New England Journal of Medicine 331 , pp. 394-398. [ crossref ]
  • 31. Steinberg, D. (2002) Clinical research should not be permitted to escape the ethical orbit of clinical care. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 27-28. [informaworld]
  • 32. Temple, R. and Ellenberg, S. E. (2000) Placebo-controlled trials and active-control trials in the evaluation of new treatments: Part 1: Ethical and scientific issues. Annals of Internal Medicine 133 , pp. 455-463. [ csa ] [ pubmed ]
  • 33. Weijer, C. (2000) The ethical analysis of risk. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 28 , pp. 344-361. [ crossref ]
  • 34. Weijer, C. (2002) When argument fails. American Journal of Bioethics 2:2 , pp. 10-11. [informaworld]
  • 35. Weijer, C. and Miller, P. B. (2004) When are research risks reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits?. Nature Medicine 10 , pp. 570-573. [ crossref ] [ csa ] [ pubmed ]
  • 36. Wertheimer, A. (1996) Exploitation Princeton University Press , Princeton, NJ
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