The innate recognition of fungal pathogens is mediated by a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), although much interest has focussed on the Toll-like Receptors (TLR). More recently, however, there is growing appreciation that the non-TLRs have a major role in the control of infection with these organisms. One such molecule is Dectin-1, a C-type lectin-like receptor which induces numerous cellular responses upon recognition of fungal β-glucans. Here we review our current understanding of the functions of Dectin-1 and the underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as explore the role of this receptor in antifungal immunity.