- Introduction,
- Theory and/or experiment
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements (normally less than 100 words)
- References
- Appendices
- Nomenclature, if needed
- Table and Figure captions
- Tables
- Figures
(Note that tables and figures may be submitted as separate files in Manuscript Central). Title
The title must be 25 words or less. It should contain enough information for a reader to understand the nature of the work. Manuscript Central will also ask you to supply a Running Head, a version of the title that appears at the top of alternate pages of the paper in the journal. Space limits this to 100 characters - enter the title again if it is shorter than 100 characters, otherwise, enter a meaningful shorter version.
Author Information
Author and co-author name(s) should have full first name, middle initial(s) and last name (family name or surname), e.g. Christopher J. Smith. Chinese first names may be a single word (Liming) or hyphenated (Li-Ming) and Chinese family name should be placed last, e.g. Liming Chang. Add grade of STLE membership (Associate, Member, Fellow) if a member for each author. Add business affiliations or educational institutes, with city, state, postal or zip code and country.
Abstract
The abstract must be 250 words or less. The abstract summarizes what was studied and why, and should briefly highlight new results. Information not described in the manuscript should not be in the abstract. Abstracts do not contain references or equations. The abstract will be visible to all in the electronic version of Tribology Transactions, and also through abstract services, so it is your opportunity to “sell” your paper.
Keywords (Attributes)
Please be thorough in selecting keywords for your manuscript. This will speed up the review by helping search for appropriate reviewers and will enable your published paper to be found by keyword searches. There are about 450 keywords, grouped in 25 categories, in the STLE Keyword List, which can be accessed via “Instructions and Forms” on the Manuscript Central log in page (log in not needed to download instructions) at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tribtrans. Click on this link to view and print out the index and to pre-select your categories and keywords. You may also add descriptors for your paper that are not in the keyword list (e.g. a chemical name, an analytical technique, a new component, etc.)
Main Text
Sections and subsections must not be numbered. Use bolded upper case text for SECTION HEADINGS and bolded title case for Subsection Headings. Do not use footnotes in the main text.
The introduction should set the scene for the research being reported. Previous work should be summarized, with references given. The objectives of the work should be clearly stated. The benefits of your results to the technical community or to society should also be outlined.
The theory and/or experimental parts of the manuscript may have as many sections and subsections as you feel are needed to partition the work in a logical manner. Referenced work used as a starting point for a technical derivation or to describe an experimental method, must be peer-reviewed and publicly available and the link to your work must be clear and correct. See the reference section below for examples of primary references suitable as starting points. Experiments must be described completely so that they could be repeated by a skilled reader with a similar apparatus. Test conditions must be clearly stated.
Equations should be placed in the manuscript text where they should appear in the published paper. Preferred equation editors are Microsoft English Equation Editor or MathType by Design Science (http://www.mathtype.com/msee). Equations should be numbered sequentially with the numbers enclosed in square brackets [1]. In the text, refer to equations as Eq. [1] or Equation [1].
Abbreviations or acronyms should be spelled out when first used followed by the abbreviation in parentheses e.g. scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM). Later in the paper it may be referred to by the acronym alone. Identification of metals and alloys will follow the guidelines in ASTM Standard: E527-83(2003) “Standard Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS),” www.astm.org.
The results and discussion parts of the manuscript will present all the important results and then discuss their significance and relevance. Comparisons with the results of others should be given and the new contribution of your results should be clearly presented. Precision of results, such as repeatability and confidence limits, should be stated. Speculation and suggestions for future work can be given in the discussion.
The conclusions should be clearly proven by the data presented and should link to the objectives stated in the introduction. Conclusions should be factual not speculative.
Acknowledgements
This section, typically less than 100 words, allows contributors of funding, materials, data, experimental assistance, etc. to be acknowledged. Commercial names may be used as descriptors but not as advertisements.
References
Primary references include technical papers from reputable, archival, peer-reviewed journals, technical books edited and published by a reputable publisher, university theses, peer-reviewed proceedings or preprints of reputable technical meetings (paper or CD-ROM), and technical standards. Book or Proceedings references should include the ISBN number. Only primary references should be used as a starting point for a derivation or to describe an experimental method. It is not acceptable to build a structure on a shaky foundation.
Secondary references are acceptable if they help the reader understand the background of the work but must not be used as a technical basis for the work. Examples of secondary sources are non-peer-reviewed journal articles, non-reviewed preprints or proceedings, non-technical books, patents and websites. A website is acceptable if it helps the reader learn about a piece of test equipment, an instrument, software, etc. It should not replace an adequate description of these but should be supplemental. Websites are ephemeral, so the date it was accessed by the author should be included in the reference.
Material that has not been published and is not available to a reader may not be referenced. Unacceptable examples are private communications and unpublished papers.
See Appendix A for examples of various types of references shown in the Tribology Transactions format. Number references sequentially in the manuscript text and show with names followed by numbers in parentheses (Jackson et al (1)).
Appendices
Detailed material that supports statements in the body of the manuscript, such as extended mathematical derivations, should be placed in an appendix. Appendices are lettered, not numbered, e.g. Appendix A.
Nomenclature
If you use 10 or more symbols in the equations in your paper, they must be defined in a Nomenclature list, which will appear at the top of page 2 in the published paper. A smaller number of symbols may be defined when they first appear in the text. The letter symbols preferred by Tribology Transactions are shown in Appendix B. In your manuscript, place the Nomenclature list on a new page following the Reference list.
Notes on Units:
- Use SI units. British units may be added in parentheses, e.g. 725 kPa (105 psi).
- When describing time, use s for second (not sec.).
- Multiplication of units may be shown by a centered period, i.e., m.s -1 .
- For large numbers, use commas, as in 1,000 and 100,000.
- For very large numbers use exponential notation, e.g. 6.023 x 10 23 .
- Temperature can be reported in degrees Celsius (C or °C) or Kelvin (K or °K).
- L should be used for liter because l is often confused with the number 1.
- The unit for kinematic viscosity is mm 2 /s and for dynamic viscosity is Pa.s or mPa.s. You may add cS (or cSt) or cP in parentheses.
- The SI system distinguishes between mass (kg), and force (N). For example, the mass hanging on a loading arm is expressed in kilograms (kg) and the force between specimens is in Newtons (N). Pressures are expressed in Pascals (Pa).
- For rotational velocity, rpm or rad/s may be used.
Figure and Table Captions
A list of table and figure and captions should be placed on a separate page. Each caption must give all the information necessary to understand the figure or table without needing to go back to the main text. If table and figure files are submitted separately in Manuscript Central, you will be asked to add a caption for each file. Keep this page of captions open on your computer so you can copy and paste them into the entry block during web submission. You will also be asked to supply a “File tag”, which links a phrase in your text file to your image file. For example, if you want to link "Figure 1" to this particular figure then type "Figure 1" into the file tag field. In the HTML manuscript proof, clicking on "Figure 1" will show the figure. Be consistent in your tag and your text e.g.: Fig. 1 will not link to Figure 1 and vice-versa.
Tables
When uploading your manuscript in Manuscript Central, tables may be submitted either as part of the main document or as separate files. Tables will be placed appropriately in the text when the paper is typeset. Tables submitted with the main document should be placed after the captions page and each table should be placed on a separate page. Tables from Excel spreadsheets should be copied and pasted either into the main document or into a separate text document for submission. Type the caption below each table to assist the typesetter. Footnotes may be used in tables to help explain the contents. Numerical data should be decimal point-aligned. Symbols may be defined in a footnote if not already defined in the Nomenclature. Number the tables consecutively and refer to them in the text as Table 1, etc.
Figures
Figures include graphs, charts, line drawings, diagrams, photographs and micrographs, etc. and must be submitted as digital files. It is preferred that figures are uploaded as separate files in Manuscript Central, but figures attached to the bottom of the manuscript will be accepted. Each figure must be on a separate page with its caption typed below. They will be placed appropriately throughout the text when the paper is typeset. Figures must be numbered consecutively and referred to in the text as Fig. 1 or Figure 1, etc.
Preferred formats for figures are Tagged Image File (.tif) and Encapsulated PostScript (.eps) with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi. Line art, graphs and drawings should be saved at 600 or 1200 dpi. Lower resolution will not publish well and higher resolution will result in unnecessarily large files. JPEG (.jpg) and Bitmap (.bmp) files do not usually have adequate resolution for publication. Graphs created in Excel should be copied to a graphics program and saved as a TIF (.tif) file.
Figures must be clearly legible and unambiguous when printed in black and white at the size they will appear in print. Authors should print out for themselves a copy of their figures with the size reduced to one column width (3.3 inches, 8.3 cm) to confirm that the font size chosen for any text on the figures (axis labels, legend, symbols, text blocks, etc.) will be clearly legible when published. Large figures can be published in two-column width (up to 6.9 in, 17.5 cm wide) and should be printed out and checked at this size. Measure the height of all your printed-out figures for the paper size calculation above.
A graph must be as simple as possible and be self-explanatory without the reader needing to refer back to the text. Give confidence intervals on data points where appropriate. As a minimum, the left and lower axes should be labeled, with variables and SI units where appropriate, e.g., “Sliding Velocity, V, ms -1 ”. Use powers of 10 for large numbers. Tick marks at intervals on the scale are preferred instead of gridlines. Scanned chart recordings will be allowed if clearly legible.
IMPORTANT: Print out colored graphs in black and white to check that lines are clearly differentiated either by line style or symbol type. Colored lines rarely convert well in grey scale and should have clearly differentiated symbols or be labeled with arrows and text. Images should be printed in grey-scale to confirm that they are clear and unambiguous. Color is an option, but will cost the author about $1000 per page in color publication charges (exact prices can be provided on request). The author must agree to pay this charge at the point of submission if color is requested. If any figures are unclear, the manuscript will be returned for correction before entering peer review.
A photograph must clearly show the features described in the text. A scale is required on micrographs so that the size is clear to the reader if the micrograph is reduced for typesetting.
Appendix A - Examples of References
PRIMARY REFERENCES
[Peer-Reviewed Paper]
(1) Shen, D. and Salant, R. F. (2006), “A Transient Mixed Lubrication Model of a Rotary Lip Seal with a Rough Shaft,” Tribol. Trans. 49, 4, pp. 621-634. [Peer-Reviewed Preprint]
(2) Popovici, G. and Venner, C. H. (2003), “Effects of Load System Dynamics on the Film Thickness in EHL Contacts During Start Up,” STLE Preprint 2003-137, STLE-ASME International Joint Tribology Conference, STLE, Park Ridge, IL.
[Peer-Reviewed Proceedings]
(3) Barwell, F. T. and Lingard, S. (1979), “The Thermal Equilibrium of Plain Journal Bearings,” Paper 1 (ii), Proc. Leeds-Lyon Conference “Thermal Effects in Tribology”, Lyon, France, September 1979. Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd, London, UK, ISBN 0 85298 467 7.
[Peer-Reviewed Proceedings on CD-ROM]
(4) 2005 Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition, October 24-27, 2005, San Antonio, TX. CD-ROM, Society of Automotive Engineers FFL2005CD, ISBN 0 7680 1652 5.
[Edited Technical Book]
(5) Dowson, D. (1998), “History of Tribology,” 2 nd Edition, Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd., London, UK, ISBN 1 86058 070 X
[University Thesis]
(6) Larsson, R. (1996), “Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication under Non-Steady Conditions,” Doctoral Thesis 1996:193D, Lule
University of Technology, Division of Machine Elements, S-971 87 Lule, Sweden.
[Technical Standard]
(7) D2714-94 (2003), “Standard Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
SECONDARY REFERENCES [Patent]
(8) Farng, L. O., Jackson, A., Givens, W. A. Jr., Deckman, D. E. and Buck, W. H. (2004), “Low Ash, Low Phosphorus and Low Sulfur Engine Oils for Internal Combustion Engines,” U.S. Patent 6,730,638.
[Commercial Brochure]
(9) ExxonMobil Chemical Synthetics (2004), “Synthetic Lubricant Basestocks”, P.O. Box 3272, Houston, TX 77253.
[Website]
(10) Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, http://www.stle.org accessed February 16, 2007.
[Non-Peer-Reviewed Proceedings on CD-ROM]
(11) 2007 Annual Meeting, Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, http://www.stle.org accessed May 6, 2007.
Appendix B - List of preferred symbols for Tribology Transactions
If you use 10 or more symbols in the equations in your paper, they must be defined in a Nomenclature list, which will appear at the top of page 2 in the published paper. A smaller number of symbols may be defined when they first appear in the text. a semi-major axis of contact ellipse
A area of contact
b semi-minor axis of contact ellipse
B bearing width
C axial gap or clearance
Cp specific heat at constant pressure
d, D diameter
di inner raceway diameter
dm pitch diameter, (di + do)/2
do outer raceway diameter
e eccentricity
E Young
¯s modulus of elasticity
E 
eff. modulus = 2[(1- 
1 2 )/E1+(1- 2 2 )/E2] -1
F gear face width
fx,y traction force in x,y directions
G dimensionless materials parameter = 
E
G shear modulus
h oil-film thickness
hmin minimum oil-film thickness
H dimensionless film thickness =h/R
H hardness
k elliptical parameter
k bearing stiffness
k, K thermal conductivity
§¤ line contact length
L bearing length
mG gear ratio
N rotational speed (rpm)
p, P pressure
q flow rate
Q load
r radius of curvature
R reduced radius of curvature = (r1 -1 +r2 -1 ) -1
Re Reynolds number
t time
T torque
T temperature Tb bulk temperature
Tf flash temperature
u velocity in the x direction
U dimensionless speed = 
(u1+u2)/2 E R
v velocity in the y direction
w velocity in the z direction
W dimensionless load = Q/ E R 2
x coordinate parallel to direction of motion
y coordinate across the direction of motion
z coordinate normal to direction of motion
pressure-viscosity coefficient
temperature-viscosity coefficient
shear
elastic deformation
displacement
eccentricity ratio = e/C
strain
dynamic (absolute) viscosity
0 dynamic viscosity at ambient pressure
p dynamic (absolute) viscosity at pressure p
angle
thermal diffusivity
ë specific film thickness = h/
coefficient of friction
Poisson¯s ratio
kinematic viscosity
density
composite roughness = ( 1 2 + 2 2 ) 0.5
1,2 RMS roughness, surfaces 1,2
stress
max maximum Hertzian stress
shear stress
. gear pressure angle
gear helix angle
, §
angular velocity
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